Diphtheria
What is Diphtheria ?
Diphtheria (dif-THEER-e-uh) is a serious bacterial infection that usually affects the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. Diphtheria is extremely rare in the United States and other developed countries thanks to widespread vaccination against the disease. However, many countries with limited health care or vaccination options still experience high rates of diphtheria.
Diphtheria can be treated with medications. But in advanced stages, diphtheria can damage the heart, kidneys and nervous system. Even with treatment, diphtheria can be deadly, especially in children.
Symptoms
- A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
- A sore throat and hoarseness
- Swollen glands in the neck
- Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
- Nasal discharge
- Fever and chills
- Tiredness
- Weakness or fatigue
- Difficulty swallowing
- Nerve, kidney or heart problems
Cause
Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The bacterium usually multiplies on or near the surface of the throat or skin. C. diphtheriae spreads through Airborne droplets. When an infected person’s sneeze or cough releases a mist of contaminated droplets, people nearby may inhale C. diphtheriae. Diphtheria spreads easily this way, especially in crowded conditions. Contaminated personal or household items. People sometimes catch diphtheria from handling an infected person’s things, such as used tissues or hand towels, that may be contaminated with the bacteria. Touching an infected wound can also transfer diphtheria-causing bacteria. People who have been infected by the diphtheria bacteria and who haven’t been treated can infect people who haven’t had the diphtheria vaccine, even if they don’t show any symptoms.
Risk Factors
People who are at increased risk of catching diphtheria include children and adults who don’t have up-to-date vaccinations. People living in crowded or unsanitary conditions. Anyone who travels to an area where diphtheria infections are more common. Diphtheria rarely occurs in the United States and Western Europe, where children have been vaccinated against the condition for decades. However, diphtheria is still common in developing countries where vaccination rates are low. In areas where diphtheria vaccination is standard, the disease is mainly a threat to unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated people who travel internationally or have contact with people from less developed countries.
When to see a Doctor
Call your family doctor immediately if you or your child has been exposed to someone with diphtheria. If you’re not sure whether your child has been vaccinated against diphtheria, schedule an appointment. Make sure your vaccinations are current.